1. Jefferson County, WV, Deed Book 1, p. 290. Colville owned “Cleesh,” a large plantation near present day Alexandria, Virginia. See Stewart E. Brown, Jr., Virginia Baron: The Story of Thomas 6th Lord Fairfax (Berryville, Va.: Chesapeake Book Co., 1965), pp. 102-103. According to Brown, Shannondale was administered by Fairfax as a manor with the land being leased for the duration of three lives.

2. Jefferson County, WV, Deed Book 1, p. 290. The Papers of George Washington, W.W. Abbott, Ed. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia) , Letter, Battaile Muse to George Washington, Alexandria November 6, 1788. Vol. 1, pp. 97-98.

3. Papers of George Washington, Letter from George Washington to Bryan Fairfax. April 6, 1789. Vol. 2, pp. 27-29.

4. In May 1793, Fairfax published a broadside offering a reward for information about the person who had set fire to the property. Fairfax’s mortage of the property in 1800 notes his residence as “Shannon Hall county of Berkeley.” Jefferson County Deed Book 1, pp. 290-291. A second "Shannon Hall" was built by George Washington Hammond about 1837; I have not determined its location. (See 1975 Windshield Survey of Jefferson County, WV, notes from property CT-85, Happy Retreat.)

5. Charles Varle, Map of Frederick, Berkeley, & Jefferson Counties in the State of Virginia, Engraved by Benjamin Jones, Philadelphia [Winchester, Virginia,] 1809. John Wood, Jefferson County Surveyed and Drawn under the Direction of John Wood, 1820. Both maps clearly depict mills, ferries, and other industries in the area. Charles Varle, Topographical Description of the Counties of Frederick, Berkeley & Jefferson Situated in the State of Virginia in which the Author has Described Curiosities of Those Counties, Their Mineralogy. Also, the Quality of the Soil, the Manufactories, Mills, &c. The Number of Inhabitants, Towns, Villages, &c. To Which is Added a Beautiful Map of These Counties of the Counties of Frederick, Berkeley & Jefferson, Situated in the State of Virginia. Winchester, Va.: W. Heiskell, 1810.

6. At the age of twenty-one, Ferdinando Fairfax had published an article in the American Museum or Universal Magazine (December 1790) opposing slavery. By 1800 he owned 62 taxable slaves. “The Wonders of Charles Town: The Crane House,” (n.p., n.d) records that on May 1, 1804, Magnus Tate, Sr., rented to Ferdinando Fairfax “a lot of ground (1 acre) in Charles Town on the main street whereon is erected a dwelling house and small kitchen...”

7. Farmers Repository, December 2, 1808, p. 4 col. 2.

8. According to Fairfax, several of the samples received enthusiastic recommendations. See Description of Ferdinando Fairfax’s Shannondale Iron Estate, with A Plan of a Company for Improving the Same, Washington: J. Crossfield, Printers, 1815. Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, Notes on Keeptyrst Furnace, R18, V2, p. 105: November 23, 1809; “Sale of bellows to F. Fairfax. Mr. Fairfax requested if he might purchase pair of bellows at Keeptryste Furnace. If they weren’t needed at the Ferry they might be valued and sold.”

9. Jefferson County, WV, Deed Book 8, page 67 (July 17, 1811). Farmers-Repository, March 27, 1812, p. 3 col. 4; August 20, 1817, p. 3 col. 4. National Park Service, National Register Nomination Form for Lee-Longworth House. Jefferson County, W. Va., Deed Book 8, p. 514.

10. Description of Ferdinando Fairfax’s Shannondale Iron Estate, with A Plan of a Company for Improving the Same, pp. 7-8.

11. Jefferson County Deed Book 9, pp. 414-415; Farmers-Repository, May 4, 1815, p. 3 col. 4.

12. Farmers Repository, April 30, 1817, p. 3 col. 4. About the same time, George Reynolds rebuilt the grist mill at River Bend on the Potomac and expanded the limestone quarry nearby. Reynolds' activities in the Jefferson County area have not been extensively explored thus far. He is briefly mentioned in Theriault, History of Eastern Jefferson County.

13. Farmers Repository, August 30, 1817, p. 3 col. 4. While Faixfax struggled to stay solvent, Colonel Benjamin Beeler in 1816 sold Thomas Griggs, Jr., “one undivided third part of a certain tract ... extending on both sides of the Shenandoah river, ... containing as is supposed 125 acres and 3/4 of an acre.” This land was adjacent to the Springs and would eventually become part of the resort property. Jefferson County Deed Book 10, p. 135 (January 25, 1816). Capt. Benjamin Beeler served in the War of 1812 from Jefferson County, as did Thomas Griggs, Jr., and John S. Gallaher. His daughter, Sarah C. Beeler, married William Arthur Carter in 1824. Mary E. Carter, the daughter of William and 35 Sarah, married James T. Milton, whose father had received title to part of Shannondale Springs in 1825. See Norris, History of the Lower Shenandoah Valley, p. 624.) Griggs served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates with Henry Berry in 1835 (Bushong, Historic Jefferson County, p. 572).

14. Jefferson County Deed Book 11, p. 201; Deed Book 11, p. 327 (July 1, 1820); Farmers Repository, September 27, 1820, p. 3 col. 3.

15. [Gallager, John S.], Shannondale: the Quality and Character of the Waters and Their Effects upon Various Diseases (Charlestown: 1838. Printed at the Free Press Office), p. 5. DeButt’s analysis revealed the following constituents (translated into parts per million by the West Virginia Geological Survey) in the water: Iron (Fe), 18.5; Calcium (Ca), 942.8; Magnesium (Mg), 207.2; Sodium (Na), 16.29; Carbonate (CO3), 275.8; Sulfate (SO4), 2625.5; and Chloride (Cl), 55.9.

16. Rosalie Stier Calvert, Mistress of Riversdale: The Plantation Letters of Rosalie Stiet Calert 1795-1821. Ed. and trans. Margaret Law Callcott (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press), 1991, p. 362.

17. Samuel Kercheval (History of the Valley of Virginia) writing in 1835, supports the belief that the resort opened some time between 1817 and 1821. He notes that “It is not much more than twelve or fourteen years since this spring was first resorted to as a watering place, though it was known for some years before to possess some peculiar medicinal qualities.... A company of gentlemen in its neighborhood joined and purchased the site, and forthwith erected a large brick boarding house, and ten or twelve small buildings for the accommodation of visitors. For several years it held a high rank among our watering places.”

18. This illustration is provided courtesy of the Jefferson County Museum, Charles Town, WV.

19. Jefferson County Deed Book 11, p. 392 (July 20, 1821), Benjamin Beeler and Sally Beeler to Samuel W. Lackland and James Stephenson.

20. Jefferson County Deed Book 11, p. 414 (August 27, 1821). Samuel W. Lackland and James Stephenson to James L. Ranson, four-ninths interest in Shannondale Springs Tract (60 acres) plus mineral rights and ferry landing.

21. Jefferson County Deed Book 11, p. 498 (September 1, 1821).

22. Jefferson County Deed Book 11, p. 507 (September 1, 1821). Ferdinando Fairfax had been in debt to the estate of William Byrd Page at the time of his death. Fairfax’s one-third interest in Shannondale Springs was sold at public auction to John W. Page on April 19, 1823. (See Jefferson County Deed Book 12, p. 269, April 19, 1823.)

23. Kercheval, History of the Valley of Virginia, p. 322.

24. Jefferson County Deed Book 14, p. 490 (June 7, 1825), James Milton to Robert Milton, 125 acres.

25. Virginia Free Press, July 5, 1838. James Monroe may have heard of Shannondale from Nathaniel Craighill, who then lived on the Shenanodah River near the Springs. Craighill and Monroe had been born on adjacent places on Monroe Creek, in Westmoreland county. They grew up there together as boys and young men. (See Virginia Free Press, July 5, 1838.) Kercheval, p. 322. [Gallaher], Shannondale: the Quality and Character of the Waters, p. 5. Virginia Free Press, July 5, 1838; August 9, 1838. The same source that noted that the original builders of the resort allowed their half-completed project to deteriorate also stated that “During the administration of Mr. Monroe, the President and the highest officers of the Government made it their summer retreat.” See Virginia Free Press, July 5, 1838, p. 2.

26. The view of “Shannondale Springs, Virginia,” which was engraved and printed by Fenner, Sears, & Co., in London, September 1, 1831, was drawn by “C. Burton, New York.” A May 28, 1823, advertisement in the Farmers Repository, notes that Charles Burton of Harpers Ferry is to take likenesses in Charlestown in a few days. “C. Burton” and the the artist Charles Burton mentioned in the Farmers Repository are probably the same person. It is also likely that the artist who provided us with this view of Shannondale Springs was the father of James Henry Burton, master armorer at Harpers Ferry, whom Norris (p. 612) notes was “born of English parents August 17, 1823, at Shannondale Springs...”

27. Jefferson County Deed Book 16, p. 9 (June 11, 1829), James Milton to John W. Page, 1/3rd of 60-acre Shannondale Springs tract. Jefferson County Deed Book 16, p. 286 (October 14, 1830), Thomas and Charlotte Griggs to Samuel W. Lackland, 1/3rd of the 60-acre Shannondale Springs tract. Jefferson County Deed Book 18, pp. 368 and 371 (May 22 and May 25, 1833), Thomas Griggs, Jr. to Samuel W. Lackland, 1/3rd part of 60-acre Shannondale Springs tract. Joseph T. Daugherty to Thomas Griggs, Jr., 1/9th share 36 of Shannondale Springs property. Samuel W. Lackland purchased the adjacent 121-acre tract from Joseph Daugherty (December 30, 1829) and James Milton (June 16, 1829). Cholera first reached the area in the summer of 1833 and reappeared sporadically during the next half century.

28. Virginia Free Press, June 4, 1835.

29. Jefferson County Deed Book 24, p. 287.

30. James L. Ranson sold his 1/9th share to the corporation in October, 1838 (see Jefferson County Deed Book 23, p. 460). He was one of the incorporators of the Smithfield, Charlestown, and Harpers Ferry Turnpike Company (see Acts of the General Assembly, February 18, 1830) as well as a director of the proposed Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, which had planned to have a stop at Shannondale Springs (Spirit of Jefferson, April 18, 1853, p. 4 col. 7; Virginia Free Press, September 22, 1853, p. 2 col. 3). Andrew Kennedy was a prominent lawyer who would later become prosecturing attorney in the trial of John Brown, and one of the directors of the Smithfield, Charlestown, Harpers Ferry Turnpike Company; he was the brother of John Pendleton Kennedy, the author and Secretary of the Navy under Millard Fillmore. Robert T. Brown was Clerk of the Circuit Court for almost 50 years. George W. Hammond was a local Justice of the Peace, the owner of Happy Retreat and builder of “Shannon Hall” on the Shenandoah River. William Yates sold his interest in the corporation to Samuel W. Lackland in May 1839 (see Jefferson County Deed Book 23, p. 534). Richard Parker, then a Circuit Court Judge for Jefferson County, would later become the judge who presided over John Brown’s trial. John S. Gallaher was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1830-34, and 1842-43, editor of the Virginia Free Press, and owner or editor of several other Virginia newspapers. See Jefferson County Deed Book 23, p. 366 and Norris, p. 658. The advertisement for the Springs placed by the new corporation was printed in the Virginia Free Press, May 17, 1838, p. 2; according to an article in the same issue, the company had a $100,000 line of credit.

31. Thomas Griggs, Jr., was commonwealth’s attorney, a soldier of the war of 1812, a member of the Virginia legislature, a member of the Virginia convention of 1829-30, 1850-51, and for thirty-six years the president of the Valley Bank of Virginia at Charlestown. See Norris, p. 658.

32. Virginia Free Press, May 17 and May 31, 1838.

33. [Gallaher], Shannondale: the Quality and Character of the Waters, pp. 13-14.

34 The layout of this hotel (which burned in 1858) matches the layout of the second hotel built on the same spot in 1890. However, the first hotel was built of brick and the second was a wood frame structure. George Watterson, in 1848, noted that all three springs were located in groves of trees (Virginia Free Press, August 24, 1848, p. 1) and described the landscape in some detail. Howe’s 1845 illustration of Shannondale Springs in his Historical Collections also shows a grove of trees surrounded by a fence; this is probably a depiction of the major (middle) spring.

35. [Gallaher], Shannondale: the Quality and Character of the Waters, pp. 6-11.

36. [George Watterson], “A Trip to the Springs,” Virginia Free Press, August 24, 1848, p. 1. The article was reprinted from the Alexandria Gazette.

37. [Gallaher], Shannondale: the Quality and Character of the Waters, p. 15.

38. Virginia Free Press, August 9, 1838.

39. Virginia Free Press, June 21, 1838. A Virginia Free Press (May 17, 1838) advertisement for Carter’s Hotel, immediately following the one for Shannondale Springs, notes “The proprietor’s engagements at the Shannondale Springs will not interfere with the arrangements of this House — every department of which will continue to be conducted in a manner to insure entire satisfaction.”

40. Jefferson County Deed Book 23, p. 538 (August 4, 1839). Virginia Free Press, November 25, 1841, p. 3 col. 1. The Virginia Free Press (April 17, 1845, p. 2 col. 2) noted that “The U.S. Hotel at Harpers Ferry is now under management of Capt. Abell formerly of Shannondale Springs.” Virginia Free Press, June 17, 1847.

41. “The scene and the company at Shannondale — the Entertainments — Preparations for the Reception of the President, &c.,” Virginia Free Press, August 14, 1851. 37

42. For a description of the Fourth of July celebration for 1851, see Virginia Free Press, July 10, 1851, p. 2." The Tournament," Baltimore Herald [?], August 2, 1848. Virginia Free Press, July 18, 1839 and June 17, 1841. Tournaments were a frequent event at Shannondale and at other health spas in the area. See the Virginia Free Press, August 21, 1851 for additional description of tournaments. Other tournaments and balls at Shannondale Springs are described in some detail in the Virginia Free Press for August 28, 1851 (pp. 1, 2) and September 11, 1851. The 1851 season was supposed to be closed with three days of horse racing at the Springs. (See Virginia Free Press, October 9, 1851.)

43. Mary J. Windle, “Summer Sketches.— No. 3. Shannondale Springs, Va., July 21,” Virginia Free Press, August 7, 1851, p. 1. President Fillmore, along with the Secretary of War Charles Magill Conrad and the Secretary of the Interior Alexander H.H. Stuart, had arrived at Harpers Ferry the same week, where they had toured the Armory. Windle reports that the son of the Secretary of War was present at the dance she attended. See Virginia Free Press, August 7, 1851, p. 2 col. 1.

44. Spirit of Jefferson, May 28, 1847, p. 1 col. 2; Henry Howe, Historical Collections of Virginia (Charleston, S.C.: Published by Babcock & Co., 1845), pp. 342-343; John J. Moorman, The Virginia Springs: Comprising an Account of All the Principal Mineral Springs of Virginia (Richmond, Va.: J. W. Randolph, 1857), pp. 257-258.

45. The bowling alley is also mentioned in George Watterson’s “A Trip to the Springs” (Virginia Free Press, August 24, 1848), which is described as being in back of the hotel, on top of the hill. Mrs. Southworth was also at the Springs in 1851. The fancy dress ball that followed the tournament that year included orange trees decorated with stuffed birds of paradise. The high point of the evening “was the entree of Mrs. Southworth, Washington, as the Queen of the Amazons, accompanied by a whole troop of fairies, her two little children among them, one personating Oberon and the other Titania, and the whole troop representing the Midsummer Night’s Dream, with the addition of a little black fellow of five years old in white turban, white muslin blouse, gold lace all over it, short breeches and golden shoes. The fairies were in light gossamer, spangled and embroidered with gold; red jackets; bound with a broad margin of gold lace, and fine lace skirt, and pink slippers. The entree of Mrs. Southworth and her troop was hailed by the applause of the whole company, and her scheme was not only a beautiful design, but it was fulfilled to the general admiration.” (See Virginia Free Press, September 11, 1851.)

46. U.S. Census for Jefferson County, Virginia, 1850; Virginia Free Press, August 9, 1850, p. 3 col. 3. The Virginia Free Press article for August 9, 1850, supported the belief that water from the Springs would prevent cholera; the author recalled a C. and O. Canal contractor during the 1833 epidemic who said none of his workers contracted the disease even though hundreds living above and below his section were attacked by cholera. Both the writer and the contractor suggested that immunity came from drinking iron laden water from Shannondale Springs. Emma D.E.N., Southworth, Shannondale (New York: D. Appleton & Company, 1851). Thus far, I have found no references to “Lovers’ Leap” before the publication of Southworth’s novel. See Virginia Free Press, September 25, 1875 (p. 3 col. 3) for a reference to her visit. An historically inaccurate article containing references to attempts to revive the property in the mid-1920’s was published in an unidentified newspaper by J. P. Cranke, J.P. [Washington, D.C.] as “Shannondale: the Historic. To Be Modernized and Once More Opened to the Public Through the Colonial Country Club. Memberships in the Club Can Now Be Secured.”

47. “The scene and the company at Shannondale — the Entertainments — Preparations for the Reception of the President, &c.,” Virginia Free Press, August 14, 1851.

48. Virginia Free Press, August 26, 1847 (p. 3 col. 4); September 9, 1847 (p. 2 col. 4); December 22, 1847 (p. 3, col. 3); August 3, 1848.

49. The illustration of Shannondale Springs included in Henry Howe’s Historical Collections of Virginia (1845) has prompted speculation that the hotel had been substantially enlarged by this time. This view is supported by one writer in 1838, who states: “Owing ... to some misunderstanding perhaps, or want of harmony amongst the proprietors, the improvements [in the early 1820’s] remained half finished, the accommodations became bad and finally none were provided.” The new company, with a capital of $100,000, was making substantial improvements. (See Virginia Free Press, July 5, 1838.) The hotel depicted in the Howe illustration has 20 evenly spaced windows on the first and second floors, with a basement level obscured by an overhanging porch and the upper story capped by a peaked roof containing 10 evenly spaced dormers. If the dimensions reported more than a decade earlier are applied (a two-story structure approximately 30 by 90 feet with eight evenly spaced windows), the hotel shown by Howe must have been at least 160 feet in length. Rectangular, one-story structures are arranged around the hotel in a semi-circle; two two-story barnlike structures are shown to the north, another two-story structure northeast of the hotel, and a long, one-story building further to the northwest, on the edge of the woods. A small building stands on the edge of the river close to the ferry landing. S. Howell Brown’s 1852 map of Jefferson County, Virginia, included Howe’s illustration. It is not known whether Howe accurately depicted the extent of the renovation. Archeological investigation of the hotel site is needed to clarify this issue.

50. Virginia Free Press, April 8, 1848, p. 3 col. 1; April 15, 1848, p. 3. col. 2. 38

51. Virginia Free Press, February 10, 1877, p. 2; Spirit of Jefferson, May 28, 1850, p 3 col. 6. The advertisement first appeared in May 14, 1850. Virginia Free Press, June 5, 1851. “The scene and the company at Shannondale — the Entertainments — Preparations for the Reception of the President, &c., ” Virginia Free Press, August 14, 1851. An invitation from proprietor Hall to Postmaster General Nathan K. Hall to accompany Fillmore on his visit to Shannondale Springs (see note 52) suggests that the Halls may have been related.

52. Virginia Free Press, August 7 and August 14. Letter from [Nathan K.] Hall to Hall, Osburn & Co., July 26, 1851; Independent Democrat, August 21, 1860, p. 2 col. 3. Mary J. Windle (see note 43) reported seeing the son of Fillmore’s Secretary of War (Charles Magill Conrad) at Shannondale Springs.

53. S. Howell Brown, Map of Jefferson County, Virginia by S. Howell Brown from actual surveys of farm limits. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. L. Smith Map Publisher and Manufacturer), 1852.

54. Virginia Free Press, August 10, 1854, p. 3 col. 1. The omission of Shannondale and other local springs from a tour book caused a great deal of consternation in this area, although it appears not to have adversely affected business at the time. One local writer noted, “Burke, in his book on the Mineral Springs of Virginia, has treated those of the Valley rather cavalierly. He extols to the skies, the Warm, Hot, Greebrier, White Sulphur, and others; but does not give Shannondale, Jordan’s, Capon or the Berkeley Springs, even a passing notice. He heaps praises upon the proprietors of those well known watering places, but acknowledges no acquaintance with the polite and accomplished hosts of the valuable medicinal Springs of this region. Had he extended his travel to this portion of the Valley, previous to writing his book, he would have found material for a more interesting work, readier sale for it, and a more extensive circulation. If he will allow us, we would advise him.” See Virginia Free Press, August 14, 1851.

55. Virginia Free Press, April 19, 1855, p. 3 col. 2; May 23, 1855, p. 2, col. 7.

56. Virginia Free Press, March 25, 1858.

57. Virginia Free Press, September 1, 1859.

58. R. P. Chew, Military Operations in Jefferson County Va. (WV), 1910; reprinted, Jefferson County Oral and Visual History Association, Inc., 1992.

59. Virginia Free Press, June 13, 1867; June 22, 1872; September 5, 1874; September 8, 1877; September 22, 1877; August 12, 1886. Spirit of Jefferson, June 21, 1870; June 18, 1872; September 1, 1874.

60. Virginia Free Press, August 5, 1867. Moses Ewing rode as the “Knight of Shannondale” at a tournament in Rippon in June 1870, and an unnamed contestant rode under the same title at a tournament held at Prospect Park, Brooklyn, the same year. See Spirit of Jefferson, June 14, 1870; Virginia Free Press, June 11, 1870.

61. Virginia Free Press, May 7, 1868; May 28, 1868; June 11, 1870; June 22, 1872. Spirit of Jefferson, October 4, 1870. The property was also offered for sale in 1871 (see Virginia Free Press, September 2, 1871). See Jefferson County Land Assessment Books, 1st and 2nd Dist.

62. Virginia Free Press, September 25, 1875.

63. Virginia Free Press, February 10, 1877, p. 2.

64. S. Howell Brown, Map of Jefferson County, West Virginia, by S. Howell Brown From Actual Survey with Farm Limits, 1883. (Philadelphia: J. L. Smith, Map Publisher and Manufacturer). Spirit of Jefferson, July 27, 1880, p. 2 col. 3.

65. Virginia Free Press, May 21, 1885. Jefferson County Deed Book V, p. 64, June 17, 1890.

66. Spirit of Jefferson, August 7, 1889; Virginia Free Press, May 23, 1889.

67. Virginia Free Press, August 15, 1889.

68. Spirit of Jefferson, November 9, 1909. 39

69. Virginia Free Press, June 25, 1890; July 2, 1980; July 9, 1890.

70. Virginia Free Press, June 18, 1890.

71. Virginia Free Press, July 8, 1896.

72. Jefferson County Deed Book 91, pp. 313-314; Deed Book 92, p. 159.

73. Spirit of Jefferson, June 17, 1902. See also Spirit of Jefferson, January 15, 1901. Alvin Dohme (Shenandoah, The Valley Story), apparently without any documentation claimed (p. 85) that Presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur had visited Shannondale Springs. T.T. Perry, in his lecture on Shannondale, mentions the visits of several presidents without providing references.

74. Spirit of Jefferson, May 12, 1903. See also Spirit of Jefferson, April 28, 1903; Spirit of Jefferson, July 28, 1903.

75. H. C. Getzendanner, Shannondale Springs (Washington, DC: W.F. Roberts Co.), ca. 1903, p. 3.

76. William Theriault, Interview with Virginia Koonce Cosy, March 5, 1997.

77. Since the bathrooms were located on the southeast corner of the second and third floors, I have inferred that the 32’ by 30’ ballroom occupied the west portion of the second floor, the eight bedrooms the east portion of the second floor (four in front and four in back), and the office and waiting room occupying the central portion of the second floor. According to Virginia Koonce Cosy, she, her parents, and her two sisters occupied bedrooms on the second floor. Although there is no evidence to substantiate the view, there was probably a central stairway connecting all three floors.

78. Getzendanner, p. 5.

79. Getzendanner, pp. 6-8, 13.

80. Jefferson County Deed Book 104, p. 365 (May 3, 1910); Julia R. Rogers to H.C. Getzendanner, 1,629 acres, including the Furnace Tract. (June 4, 1910). Jefferson County Deed Book 104, p. 369 (June 4, 1910), H.C. Getzendanner to Shannondale Timber Co., 2,950 acres. A. M. S. Morgan, III, Charles Town: 1912-1924. A Boy’s Eye-View of Charles Town and its People. November 15, 1987, p. 6.

81. Spirit of Jefferson, November 9, 1909.

82. William D. Theriault, Interview with Virginia Koonce Cosy, March 5, 1997.

83. Morgan, Charles Town, p. 8.

84. Jefferson County Deed Book 118, page 47. Jefferson County Deed Book 114, p. 424 (December 8, 1919); Farmers Advocate, May 8, 1920, p. 1 col. 1, 2; May 15, 1920, p. 1 col. 2; June 26, 1920, p. 1 col. 4; July 24, 1920, p. 1 col. 1; July 22, 1922.

85. Farmers Advocate, April 5, 1924. Jefferson County Deed Book 124, pp. 5-6.

86. Jefferson County Deed Book 136, page 383. [Crane, Charles L.] "Outline of Plan for the Organization and Development of Shenandoah Country Estate and Colonial Country Club at Shannondale Springs." [n.p.], [ca. 1924], p, 1. According to J. P. Cranke, “It is proposed to develop a country club on a huge scale, its grounds to embrace three thousand acres of mountain, forest and stream. Before the plan [can] become operative the Chamber of Commerce resolution provided that a certain number of members, who shall be residents of Jefferson County, West Virginia, must be secured, and then memberships would become available for citizens of Washington and Baltimore who may desire to join the club. The Chamber of Commerce as a body pledged itself to get out and work for the success of the enterprise.” See J. P. Cranke, “Shannondale: The Historic. To Be Modernized.” [1924].

87. “Shannondale Springs Water Has Health Building Properties,” Charles Town, WV, [1931]. 40

88. Paul H. Price, John B. McCue, and Homer A. Hoskins. West Virginia Geological Survey: Springs of West Virginia, 1936, pp. 13, 71-74.

89. Jefferson County Deed Book 146, p. 54; Deed Book 145, p. 293; Deed Book 146, p. 53; Deed Book 147, p. 521; Deed Book 149, p. 29; Deed book 149, p. 205; Deed Book 164, p. 332.

90. Jefferson County, Will Book S, p. 270; Deed Book 502, pp. 484-486. .....[transfer to DNR]

91. License Agreement, March 18, 1996. West Virginia Bureau of Commerce, Division of Natural Resources, Public Land Corporation, to Jefferson County Historic Landmarks Commission.

92. Preliminary archeological studies of the stone bath/spring house reveal that the original floor lies approximately one foot below the current dirt floor. No water flows through the structure at present. It did not house one of the three medicinal springs, which have all been located several hundred feet distant. A well lies directly behind the structure and includes plumbing once used to pump water up hill to the hotel. The depth of the building’s original floor suggests that it may have been first used as a bath house and then have been modified for use as a spring house or ice house. Visitors to the Springs took normal warm or cold baths in addition to drinking the mineral waters, and the building may have been used for this purpose. Although the structure may predate the building of the hotel and outbuildings (ca. 1821), more accurate dating will require further archeological investigation. 93. The author wishes to thank The West Virginia Division of Culture and History, The West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, The Jefferson County Museum, the Harpers Ferry National Historic Park, and the other individuals and organizations that assisted in information gathering, provided access to artifacts, and helped in survey efforts. In particular, he wishes to thank William D. Hartgroves whose decade-long crusade raised the community’s consciousness about Shannondale Springs and whose efforts helped to raise the local resources needed to complete this project.